>STARD7|NM_020151|3'UTR
   1 CAGGCTTTGGGATAAGAAGGGACAAGGTGCTTCTAGCCCTGTCTCAGTCCGTTATCACTCTGCTGTAGAAGGGGGACATG
  81 CCACATGTATTAGAAGGCATCTGCTGTAACTTCCAGTGCAAGATAATTCAATAACTGATGTCCCATTTCATTCAGAGCCC
 161 TTATTGCTCTTATCAAAACAGAAGAAGGCTACATTTGTGGGAGTGTTGTCATATTCTCAGGCCAACTGTTTTGAAATTCG
 241 GTATCTCACTGAGCTAATCTGGAACAAACCTCTCACCTCAGGCCAGAAGGGGATGACCTCCATTTGCTTCTCTGAGTAGT
 321 TTCCTCTGCTGACATTCCAAATCCCACCATCGATTGTGCAGCGCTTTGGATTTCCTTCAGTTCTCCAGGTCCACCTGGAA
 401 AGTATAGTTGGCCAGTTGAGTCTCTCAAATGAGGGGCTACTGGGAGTGCTCTTGGTAACAATCATGATGTGAATGGGTGT
 481 GAACGATACTTGGCTATGTTAAGTGCCTTGTCCGCACCTTGCTTTTATCTCTAGAGACATGAAGTTATTATTAATTTTTT
 561 TTTTTTTTAAGTAGAGATGGAGTTTCACTCTGTTTCCCAGGCTGGTCTTGAACTCCTGGGCCATGCCTGGCCAGGGACAT
 641 GAATTTGTACAAAGAAATTTCCCTCCCTGCCTGCACAATATCACCCATTGACTCACCTTATCCAAAGCAAGTTTCCTGTG
 721 AATCGGCCAGTTCTTCTATATTCATTGGATCATTGCCTCCTTCCTAACCTTCCCCATTTACCAAGAACACTGGGAGACTA
 801 ATCCTTTTAGATAGTAGCTTTTTGATGCTCAAAACATCACATTTAAATTTAGTTTAAAAATTTTTTAACTTTTGTGTCAA
 881 ATAGGAGTTGAGGAATTGAGCAGGATTCTACCCTAGTCCGATTGTATAGAAAACACCATTTTGATTCAGGTATTATTTTT
 961 CATATTTCAGGTTTGACTTGTTCTTTTCAGAAGGCTAAAGTCAGAGGAATGGGGGCTGGGCCACTCCCTTGGAGCTCTCA
1041 GATCTACAGACAAGCTGTGTGAATGCATAGATGTAATCTTGTCTCAAATACTAATACAGTGGAGATTTGGTTTATGTTAC
1121 CATTAAGTTCCTCTAAAAAGTTTTTCTTCCTCTCTTCAGAGCCAAAATAAAAGTGAACTACACTGTTCAGATAAGGTCAC
1201 AATCTGATGCTGTCAGTTTGACCGAGCTGGTTTTGCTTATGGTCATGCTGCAATTTGTTAGAATAATAGGGATCAAGTTT
1281 TAAATCCTCCTCCTTCCCTTTTTTCTGGAGTCTTGAGGGCCAGAGTTTTTGTTTTTGTTTTTGTTTTTGTTTTCCTGCTT
1361 GCTACTGTTTTGTGGTGTTGAAAAGTGGTTTAAACCTGAGACTAACTTAAACACTTCCTTGACCTTCTTGTTGCCTGTTC
1441 ATTTTTGTGCCAAGGAAGTAGCTGCCCCAGTGTATGTCTTGCCTTCTCCGCGTCATTGTTGGAAGAGGAGAGATGCATCG
1521 AGCAGTCCCAGCTGCTTTTCATTTATTACTTCTTCTTTCCAGGACCTGACAGAAGTCAGGGAAGAGTCCCTGGGTTATGT
1601 CCAAACTTAGCACCTGCAATTGTTGGGATGTGGATGGATGTGTGCATAAGAGAGAGAGAGAATATGTGTGTGTGTGTGTG
1681 CGTCTGCGAGCGCACACACATGCACAAGTGCGAAGGAGTTGCGGTTGCTCCATGTTCTGACTTAGGGCAATTTGATTCTG
1761 CACTTGGGGTCTGTCTGTACAGTTACTCATGTCATTGTAATGATTTCACTCCTAACTGTGACATTTTTATCAAATGTGTG
1841 AATAAATACATAAAGATTGGTACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

ID	Duplex structure	Position	Score	MFE
1	miRNA 3' ugUGGCUC-CUCGGG---------UAGUACUa 5' ||:|:| | ||:| ||||||| Target 5' ctACTGGGAGTGCTCTTGGTAACAATCATGAt 3'	437 - 468	148.00	-18.30
2	miRNA 3' ugUGGCUC--CU----CGGG---UAGUACua 5' |||||| |: ||:: :||||| Target 5' tgACCGAGCTGGTTTTGCTTATGGTCATGct 3'	1219 - 1249	116.00	-14.62
3	miRNA 3' ugUGGCUCCUCGGGUAGUACUa 5' |: || | ||||: ||| Target 5' gtATAGAAAACACCATTTTGAt 3'	924 - 945	108.00	-7.30

Mutant ID	Mutant Position	Mutant Source
COSN30536066	43	COSMIC
COSN30454044	49	COSMIC
COSN31508402	76	COSMIC
COSN31492867	78	COSMIC
COSN30460579	81	COSMIC
COSN31492870	89	COSMIC
COSN30536684	90	COSMIC
COSN31606261	93	COSMIC
COSN31567834	238	COSMIC
COSN31552830	239	COSMIC
COSN14628084	267	COSMIC
COSN26557323	310	COSMIC
COSN8610355	318	COSMIC
COSN25304608	497	COSMIC
COSN31553595	507	COSMIC
COSN25346329	511	COSMIC
COSN14842411	1073	COSMIC
COSN26224666	1190	COSMIC
COSN22016941	1274	COSMIC
COSN27528959	1349	COSMIC
COSN31522978	1388	COSMIC
COSN31569388	1422	COSMIC
COSN31546958	1478	COSMIC
COSN16854230	1491	COSMIC
COSN27435178	1665	COSMIC
COSN30173675	1666	COSMIC
COSN31538663	1681	COSMIC
COSN21957379	1831	COSMIC
COSN31607169	1844	COSMIC

Mutant ID	Mutant Position	Mutant Source
rs1384663662	1	dbSNP
rs1315686517	4	dbSNP
rs1293870021	8	dbSNP
rs1398229131	11	dbSNP
rs1343526947	12	dbSNP
rs770779119	15	dbSNP
rs1337004963	16	dbSNP
rs747015335	17	dbSNP
rs757991377	20	dbSNP
rs777253929	26	dbSNP
rs376263438	27	dbSNP
rs1360746747	33	dbSNP
rs1448462576	34	dbSNP
rs894552666	36	dbSNP
rs188075047	38	dbSNP
rs1167973879	39	dbSNP
rs373023568	41	dbSNP
rs747767075	43	dbSNP
rs778566562	44	dbSNP
rs1290229048	45	dbSNP
rs755321257	46	dbSNP
rs765830262	46	dbSNP
rs376428368	47	dbSNP
rs756570307	50	dbSNP
rs539630505	51	dbSNP
rs1279196034	62	dbSNP
rs1484455451	65	dbSNP
rs907861968	69	dbSNP
rs1183733831	79	dbSNP
rs1358387897	87	dbSNP
rs1251824148	89	dbSNP
rs866131227	94	dbSNP
rs1175467118	101	dbSNP
rs1427144230	118	dbSNP
rs1317612634	119	dbSNP
rs1414857441	122	dbSNP
rs1405903106	129	dbSNP
rs930634536	130	dbSNP
rs1375085935	136	dbSNP
rs1433026447	140	dbSNP
rs1310084305	143	dbSNP
rs1351249687	144	dbSNP
rs758019947	163	dbSNP
rs1278333616	167	dbSNP
rs1370306044	171	dbSNP
rs749927459	173	dbSNP
rs548444768	176	dbSNP
rs922232724	181	dbSNP
rs779028225	189	dbSNP
rs531254818	193	dbSNP
rs1415823921	197	dbSNP
rs976430484	204	dbSNP
rs4907229	207	dbSNP
rs1474231700	209	dbSNP
rs990920677	211	dbSNP
rs1201776642	217	dbSNP
rs1248407729	226	dbSNP
rs753593611	228	dbSNP
rs1192779179	237	dbSNP
rs552162292	239	dbSNP
rs957493078	240	dbSNP
rs1240700669	247	dbSNP
rs183297342	253	dbSNP
rs1170774101	262	dbSNP
rs764010681	270	dbSNP
rs1452730094	272	dbSNP
rs1292570978	274	dbSNP
rs560257982	279	dbSNP
rs541658760	283	dbSNP
rs1333509027	288	dbSNP
rs1352132480	292	dbSNP
rs1278520028	293	dbSNP
rs999492472	307	dbSNP
rs1359366979	320	dbSNP
rs766970113	321	dbSNP
rs1035625792	346	dbSNP
rs191555053	347	dbSNP
rs982377641	351	dbSNP
rs1436849425	352	dbSNP
rs113132446	354	dbSNP
rs967401308	363	dbSNP
rs1451675270	364	dbSNP
rs1213060269	367	dbSNP
rs894596665	369	dbSNP
rs1351559971	380	dbSNP
rs566023863	381	dbSNP
rs1188919782	390	dbSNP
rs1020052	397	dbSNP
rs957712441	422	dbSNP
rs1166231340	426	dbSNP
rs1393785295	427	dbSNP
rs373695190	436	dbSNP
rs1046987256	437	dbSNP
rs1392877894	440	dbSNP
rs753503982	447	dbSNP
rs1437757062	451	dbSNP
rs929910721	461	dbSNP
rs922526042	464	dbSNP
rs1325495334	469	dbSNP
rs1028007452	484	dbSNP
rs1428294568	484	dbSNP
rs74759684	485	dbSNP
rs1232121241	486	dbSNP
rs900993461	488	dbSNP
rs1331068695	492	dbSNP
rs1209133845	494	dbSNP
rs1438302929	497	dbSNP
rs1445062179	504	dbSNP
rs142941676	509	dbSNP
rs1041313489	513	dbSNP
rs796264329	514	dbSNP
rs1164242593	515	dbSNP
rs370540613	517	dbSNP
rs957546763	531	dbSNP
rs886988124	538	dbSNP
rs1459224259	540	dbSNP
rs1048351641	548	dbSNP
rs1249027718	552	dbSNP
rs62153009	553	dbSNP
rs1384776409	554	dbSNP
rs539419966	554	dbSNP
rs80016939	555	dbSNP
rs1335828636	562	dbSNP
rs1467672987	562	dbSNP
rs1413651564	569	dbSNP
rs535274006	569	dbSNP
rs977605858	573	dbSNP
rs1199937297	584	dbSNP
rs1305406973	587	dbSNP
rs1352256100	591	dbSNP
rs968060363	598	dbSNP
rs1260059836	599	dbSNP
rs920616216	602	dbSNP
rs1024551514	605	dbSNP
rs1348336128	606	dbSNP
rs568417582	608	dbSNP
rs1201931307	614	dbSNP
rs938126139	625	dbSNP
rs1281031898	628	dbSNP
rs928151831	630	dbSNP
rs1187317263	634	dbSNP
rs982648480	637	dbSNP
rs1473606637	638	dbSNP
rs1183230827	640	dbSNP
rs966910176	658	dbSNP
rs894439761	660	dbSNP
rs1174631219	665	dbSNP
rs1375688329	666	dbSNP
rs1433640461	667	dbSNP
rs1034412598	673	dbSNP
rs1005564411	676	dbSNP
rs553835025	678	dbSNP
rs1391442629	681	dbSNP
rs1301206656	688	dbSNP
rs914125718	692	dbSNP
rs1440051179	697	dbSNP
rs1047360385	700	dbSNP
rs1275155466	705	dbSNP
rs1346878511	707	dbSNP
rs1210510189	709	dbSNP
rs774955568	724	dbSNP
rs989710510	725	dbSNP
rs1417788592	729	dbSNP
rs533776529	730	dbSNP
rs1040949750	733	dbSNP
rs1463533798	737	dbSNP
rs115275409	738	dbSNP
rs1454094356	738	dbSNP
rs767706918	740	dbSNP
rs1486034919	742	dbSNP
rs1282494747	743	dbSNP
rs1371988123	744	dbSNP
rs186840390	751	dbSNP
rs1027974943	757	dbSNP
rs1462077357	763	dbSNP
rs1394256382	766	dbSNP
rs910866958	766	dbSNP
rs1388515779	767	dbSNP
rs1326483010	775	dbSNP
rs538151151	776	dbSNP
rs554086774	789	dbSNP
rs1301569268	803	dbSNP
rs1415469877	807	dbSNP
rs1228265941	815	dbSNP
rs570451253	818	dbSNP
rs1004421041	825	dbSNP
rs1479694626	833	dbSNP
rs1192361849	836	dbSNP
rs1454245309	845	dbSNP
rs11539223	851	dbSNP
rs1179984944	855	dbSNP
rs1048321899	856	dbSNP
rs1468350069	860	dbSNP
rs1192097152	861	dbSNP
rs1391654428	863	dbSNP
rs563386731	867	dbSNP
rs995450677	867	dbSNP
rs1458975611	872	dbSNP
rs899154972	874	dbSNP
rs917490162	888	dbSNP
rs1438472180	893	dbSNP
rs1210342135	898	dbSNP
rs1055166511	919	dbSNP
rs938028210	920	dbSNP
rs1383052814	921	dbSNP
rs1277948791	924	dbSNP
rs567928761	928	dbSNP
rs1305884457	942	dbSNP
rs1354336270	952	dbSNP
rs1311299630	953	dbSNP
rs1393274000	956	dbSNP
rs1212223471	958	dbSNP
rs1371272511	960	dbSNP
rs1297861222	962	dbSNP
rs1034342066	981	dbSNP
rs1185623306	988	dbSNP
rs140495533	988	dbSNP
rs1425075234	993	dbSNP
rs945512551	1003	dbSNP
rs144046579	1006	dbSNP
rs1434426352	1024	dbSNP
rs914096276	1028	dbSNP
rs1161273331	1031	dbSNP
rs546651348	1035	dbSNP
rs989679301	1044	dbSNP
rs1288548653	1046	dbSNP
rs958316629	1053	dbSNP
rs1285421863	1063	dbSNP
rs994415017	1064	dbSNP
rs1293922866	1068	dbSNP
rs920929666	1071	dbSNP
rs79311298	1085	dbSNP
rs965083663	1089	dbSNP
rs1286930172	1098	dbSNP
rs1041002274	1103	dbSNP
rs1019755537	1104	dbSNP
rs1484049040	1114	dbSNP
rs763459554	1122	dbSNP
rs951178801	1127	dbSNP
rs562319442	1131	dbSNP
rs1026852584	1134	dbSNP
rs769393446	1137	dbSNP
rs936348871	1141	dbSNP
rs773578459	1154	dbSNP
rs767384312	1156	dbSNP
rs770256358	1178	dbSNP
rs1467567229	1179	dbSNP
rs542014052	1180	dbSNP
rs1473930525	1188	dbSNP
rs995418130	1189	dbSNP
rs531906585	1193	dbSNP
rs894357464	1198	dbSNP
rs1375127531	1201	dbSNP
rs759728684	1202	dbSNP
rs748488431	1206	dbSNP
rs1156608117	1211	dbSNP
rs182447972	1215	dbSNP
rs906551739	1216	dbSNP
rs1046900617	1223	dbSNP
rs1436745207	1223	dbSNP
rs552400764	1224	dbSNP
rs1236756000	1229	dbSNP
rs1281812913	1231	dbSNP
rs1223596426	1235	dbSNP
rs1374628526	1235	dbSNP
rs945510773	1240	dbSNP
rs1305229198	1242	dbSNP
rs1408751338	1252	dbSNP
rs892628198	1253	dbSNP
rs1053919156	1256	dbSNP
rs1279130597	1260	dbSNP
rs1484425713	1261	dbSNP
rs868731447	1262	dbSNP
rs1233408158	1270	dbSNP
rs1315254171	1281	dbSNP
rs1469511506	1289	dbSNP
rs921484769	1293	dbSNP
rs149476972	1295	dbSNP
rs917384584	1295	dbSNP
rs771812573	1300	dbSNP
rs912257427	1314	dbSNP
rs1228894594	1315	dbSNP
rs958971145	1324	dbSNP
rs1432968022	1337	dbSNP
rs1357617673	1339	dbSNP
rs202069823	1343	dbSNP
rs1414624344	1346	dbSNP
rs1361532417	1347	dbSNP
rs1291192196	1348	dbSNP
rs927546253	1348	dbSNP
rs11164062	1349	dbSNP
rs952710451	1350	dbSNP
rs1026153222	1351	dbSNP
rs553895920	1353	dbSNP
rs1215827565	1354	dbSNP
rs1464507355	1354	dbSNP
rs200172621	1354	dbSNP
rs752014362	1354	dbSNP
rs780573985	1357	dbSNP
rs1468776681	1359	dbSNP
rs1192724545	1362	dbSNP
rs1252628612	1364	dbSNP
rs1477126539	1370	dbSNP
rs540711650	1372	dbSNP
rs1415291354	1374	dbSNP
rs1169870909	1380	dbSNP
rs958540928	1381	dbSNP
rs1186778257	1385	dbSNP
rs1420394985	1388	dbSNP
rs778432907	1404	dbSNP
rs1265033744	1406	dbSNP
rs965601196	1407	dbSNP
rs1397271883	1412	dbSNP
rs1442124179	1415	dbSNP
rs1002814198	1418	dbSNP
rs145246592	1419	dbSNP
rs1485504450	1423	dbSNP
rs1270396878	1427	dbSNP
rs1338227754	1428	dbSNP
rs1265896561	1430	dbSNP
rs574797819	1430	dbSNP
rs1335334292	1440	dbSNP
rs1006712283	1447	dbSNP
rs1271113512	1451	dbSNP
rs906514795	1453	dbSNP
rs1222476531	1464	dbSNP
rs1448508987	1466	dbSNP
rs554752754	1481	dbSNP
rs1242881677	1482	dbSNP
rs566219598	1489	dbSNP
rs1009604779	1490	dbSNP
rs537615802	1491	dbSNP
rs1462361800	1492	dbSNP
rs1164828031	1498	dbSNP
rs1053809285	1501	dbSNP
rs1298225886	1503	dbSNP
rs1380821587	1513	dbSNP
rs936815219	1514	dbSNP
rs569188440	1519	dbSNP
rs1325439834	1524	dbSNP
rs1428057165	1534	dbSNP
rs1294524420	1541	dbSNP
rs1355538814	1549	dbSNP
rs1232666202	1550	dbSNP
rs1042542665	1551	dbSNP
rs1352619062	1556	dbSNP
rs553603217	1558	dbSNP
rs1391617215	1571	dbSNP
rs1163827756	1574	dbSNP
rs1477958021	1577	dbSNP
rs4826	1583	dbSNP
rs944336004	1587	dbSNP
rs1190771443	1601	dbSNP
rs896221746	1604	dbSNP
rs1268050650	1617	dbSNP
rs538663599	1619	dbSNP
rs1187929128	1620	dbSNP
rs1367196437	1630	dbSNP
rs1471375150	1634	dbSNP
rs11164061	1638	dbSNP
rs1383801028	1639	dbSNP
rs1417554130	1641	dbSNP
rs1469916237	1647	dbSNP
rs1043708	1650	dbSNP
rs1375577855	1650	dbSNP
rs3183358	1656	dbSNP
rs1046685950	1657	dbSNP
rs3183360	1658	dbSNP
rs191423125	1660	dbSNP
rs1239515798	1662	dbSNP
rs373432648	1662	dbSNP
rs557064482	1662	dbSNP
rs1278666858	1664	dbSNP
rs927557827	1668	dbSNP
rs984351376	1668	dbSNP
rs1213103595	1674	dbSNP
rs529802595	1678	dbSNP
rs567223836	1679	dbSNP
rs1491538842	1680	dbSNP
rs958508328	1680	dbSNP
rs1183161788	1681	dbSNP
rs143776494	1681	dbSNP
rs1438202557	1681	dbSNP
rs973133041	1681	dbSNP
rs548781008	1682	dbSNP
rs1302636018	1686	dbSNP
rs927179202	1687	dbSNP
rs1300504283	1688	dbSNP
rs1019710486	1691	dbSNP
rs981758394	1692	dbSNP
rs971379108	1694	dbSNP
rs953817683	1701	dbSNP
rs531773967	1711	dbSNP
rs562872887	1712	dbSNP
rs546086357	1718	dbSNP
rs956720311	1722	dbSNP
rs1348800228	1723	dbSNP
rs1461326168	1726	dbSNP
rs150332825	1734	dbSNP
rs777542113	1737	dbSNP
rs1377966052	1741	dbSNP
rs755953588	1742	dbSNP
rs1196938538	1745	dbSNP
rs1250400789	1750	dbSNP
rs1456737516	1756	dbSNP
rs1175227419	1777	dbSNP
rs1452536550	1781	dbSNP
rs1253251929	1797	dbSNP
rs530130514	1809	dbSNP
rs752443230	1816	dbSNP
rs750153419	1821	dbSNP
rs1181751504	1822	dbSNP
rs1462030623	1827	dbSNP
rs1167303404	1829	dbSNP
rs1397965408	1830	dbSNP
rs1326260188	1833	dbSNP
rs1000758801	1838	dbSNP
rs899989529	1839	dbSNP
rs1438453782	1841	dbSNP
rs1386483090	1850	dbSNP
rs554673419	1853	dbSNP
rs1194267524	1855	dbSNP
rs1228200691	1858	dbSNP
rs1339198663	1860	dbSNP
rs1257999880	1865	dbSNP
rs1013666570	1872	dbSNP
rs540693648	1872	dbSNP
rs549949160	1872	dbSNP
rs552465497	1872	dbSNP
rs896272562	1872	dbSNP

- Cell, 2013

The induction of pluripotency or trans-differentiation of one cell type to another can be accomplished with cell-lineage-specific transcription factors. Here, we report that repression of a single RNA binding polypyrimidine-tract-binding (PTB) protein, which occurs during normal brain development via the action of miR-124, is sufficient to induce trans-differentiation of fibroblasts into functional neurons. Besides its traditional role in regulated splicing, we show that PTB has a previously undocumented function in the regulation of microRNA functions, suppressing or enhancing microRNA targeting by competitive binding on target mRNA or altering local RNA secondary structure. A key event during neuronal induction is the relief of PTB-mediated blockage of microRNA action on multiple components of the REST complex, thereby derepressing a large array of neuronal genes, including miR-124 and multiple neuronal-specific transcription factors, in nonneuronal cells. This converts a negative feedback loop to a positive one to elicit cellular reprogramming to the neuronal lineage.

- mBio, 2013

UNLABELLED: The question of how HIV-1 interfaces with cellular microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis and effector mechanisms has been highly controversial. Here, we first used deep sequencing of small RNAs present in two different infected cell lines (TZM-bl and C8166) and two types of primary human cells (CD4(+) peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs] and macrophages) to unequivocally demonstrate that HIV-1 does not encode any viral miRNAs. Perhaps surprisingly, we also observed that infection of T cells by HIV-1 has only a modest effect on the expression of cellular miRNAs at early times after infection. Comprehensive analysis of miRNA binding to the HIV-1 genome using the photoactivatable ribonucleoside-induced cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (PAR-CLIP) technique revealed several binding sites for cellular miRNAs, a subset of which were shown to be capable of mediating miRNA-mediated repression of gene expression. However, the main finding from this analysis is that HIV-1 transcripts are largely refractory to miRNA binding, most probably due to extensive viral RNA secondary structure. Together, these data demonstrate that HIV-1 neither encodes viral miRNAs nor strongly influences cellular miRNA expression, at least early after infection, and imply that HIV-1 transcripts have evolved to avoid inhibition by preexisting cellular miRNAs by adopting extensive RNA secondary structures that occlude most potential miRNA binding sites. IMPORTANCE: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a ubiquitous class of small regulatory RNAs that serve as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. Previous work has suggested that HIV-1 might subvert the function of the cellular miRNA machinery by expressing viral miRNAs or by dramatically altering the level of cellular miRNA expression. Using very sensitive approaches, we now demonstrate that neither of these ideas is in fact correct. Moreover, HIV-1 transcripts appear to largely avoid regulation by cellular miRNAs by adopting an extensive RNA secondary structure that occludes the ability of cellular miRNAs to interact with viral mRNAs. Together, these data suggest that HIV-1, rather than seeking to control miRNA function in infected cells, has instead evolved a mechanism to become largely invisible to cellular miRNA effector mechanisms.