>NPR1|NM_000906|3'UTR
   1 CCTGCCTCCTCTCCTATCCCTCCACACCTCCCTACCCTGTGCCAGAAGCAACAGAGGTGCCAGGCCTCAGCCTCACCCAC
  81 AGCAGCCCCATCGCCAAAGGATGGAAGTAATTTGAATAGCTCAGGTGTGCTGACCCCAGTGAAGACACCAGATAGGACCT
 161 CTGAGAGGGGACTGGCATGGGGGGATCTCAGAGCTTACAGGCTGAGCCAAGCCCACGGCCATGCACAGGGACACTCACAC
 241 AGGCACACGCACCTGCTCTCCACCTGGACTCAGGCCGGGCTGGGCTGTGGATTCCTGATCCCCTCCCCTCCCCATGCTCT
 321 CCTCCCTCAGCCTTGCTACCCTGTGACTTACTGGGAGGAGAAAGAGTCACCTGAAGGGGAACATGAAAAGAGACTAGGTG
 401 AAGAGAGGGCAGGGGAGCCCACATCTGGGGCTGGCCCACAATACCTGCTCCCCCGACCCCCTCCACCCAGCAGTAGACAC
 481 AGTGCACAGGGGAGAAGAGGGGTGGCGCAGAAGGGTTGGGGGCCTGTATGCCTTGCTTCTACCATGAGCAGAGACAATTA
 561 AAATCTTTATTCCAGTGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

ID	Duplex structure	Position	Score	MFE
1	miRNA 3' ugUCAGAGCACUCUAUCG-GUCu 5' ||| : ||| ||||| ||| Target 5' gaAGTAATTTGA-ATAGCTCAGg 3'	104 - 125	127.00	-11.60
2	miRNA 3' ugucagagCACUCUAUCG-GUCu 5' | |:|:|:|| ||| Target 5' ggggagaaGAGGGGTGGCGCAGa 3'	489 - 511	106.00	-14.60
3	miRNA 3' ugucagagcaCUCUAUCGGUCu 5' |||:| ||||| Target 5' agaagcaacaGAGGT-GCCAGg 3'	44 - 64	104.00	-14.40

Mutant ID	Mutant Position	Mutant Source
COSN509727	12	COSMIC
COSN20095394	33	COSMIC
COSN30489575	38	COSMIC
COSN30499692	52	COSMIC
COSN31495642	52	COSMIC
COSN32053225	69	COSMIC
COSN30191864	75	COSMIC
COSN30479760	89	COSMIC
COSN30152790	123	COSMIC

Mutant ID	Mutant Position	Mutant Source
rs1037459614	1	dbSNP
rs746552276	2	dbSNP
rs768237899	5	dbSNP
rs1271676661	9	dbSNP
rs781636018	12	dbSNP
rs748660790	13	dbSNP
rs1352904678	15	dbSNP
rs1289312315	16	dbSNP
rs780260155	17	dbSNP
rs770087724	20	dbSNP
rs773624555	22	dbSNP
rs1293107972	26	dbSNP
rs534804540	27	dbSNP
rs763231881	28	dbSNP
rs777597067	29	dbSNP
rs200713339	30	dbSNP
rs397745541	30	dbSNP
rs5777879	30	dbSNP
rs768750313	31	dbSNP
rs145905789	49	dbSNP
rs1442497037	53	dbSNP
rs137857759	59	dbSNP
rs528319036	61	dbSNP
rs1184058569	75	dbSNP
rs1457262959	78	dbSNP
rs1249176042	79	dbSNP
rs945168940	87	dbSNP
rs903227865	89	dbSNP
rs1359311678	92	dbSNP
rs982032355	93	dbSNP
rs867091853	94	dbSNP
rs1033564598	100	dbSNP
rs1296727871	101	dbSNP
rs749305753	108	dbSNP
rs959017285	113	dbSNP
rs1300011708	121	dbSNP
rs937698896	133	dbSNP
rs1360351095	147	dbSNP
rs558672251	155	dbSNP
rs1280592147	158	dbSNP
rs1161845030	160	dbSNP
rs1023340641	164	dbSNP
rs920365319	169	dbSNP
rs1163971503	170	dbSNP
rs1439048693	179	dbSNP
rs1248273906	181	dbSNP
rs1178450039	186	dbSNP
rs970360894	192	dbSNP
rs1302147815	193	dbSNP
rs930421370	197	dbSNP
rs1047909747	200	dbSNP
rs1293020168	213	dbSNP
rs907634744	218	dbSNP
rs1487815461	220	dbSNP
rs940421432	223	dbSNP
rs1217097767	228	dbSNP
rs777562857	232	dbSNP
rs557668401	241	dbSNP
rs1041317200	243	dbSNP
rs1301371184	244	dbSNP
rs1407059742	247	dbSNP
rs901432837	249	dbSNP
rs575861312	250	dbSNP
rs920404600	251	dbSNP
rs746857659	266	dbSNP
rs1362004141	272	dbSNP
rs1235199662	276	dbSNP
rs931956817	277	dbSNP
rs1050762487	278	dbSNP
rs770609458	280	dbSNP
rs1425336372	289	dbSNP
rs1434524623	293	dbSNP
rs1490750136	301	dbSNP
rs1156505277	316	dbSNP
rs1216374352	319	dbSNP
rs780664840	341	dbSNP
rs1263023903	348	dbSNP
rs1359537031	352	dbSNP
rs890343238	356	dbSNP
rs143093761	359	dbSNP
rs61758575	359	dbSNP
rs1312114001	360	dbSNP
rs1281513451	361	dbSNP
rs1225381027	363	dbSNP
rs1300434954	373	dbSNP
rs1346405881	379	dbSNP
rs140810637	380	dbSNP
rs1381441695	382	dbSNP
rs1382595538	384	dbSNP
rs1290397853	412	dbSNP
rs561666848	416	dbSNP
rs769347779	419	dbSNP
rs528955570	423	dbSNP
rs1173674255	431	dbSNP
rs61758576	442	dbSNP
rs1429572433	443	dbSNP
rs1436468740	445	dbSNP
rs1000265339	446	dbSNP
rs958251015	446	dbSNP
rs1264373018	448	dbSNP
rs1054655350	451	dbSNP
rs541167677	455	dbSNP
rs1261757583	456	dbSNP
rs1205659749	458	dbSNP
rs1369867480	465	dbSNP
rs559279053	472	dbSNP
rs563408760	474	dbSNP
rs1257497369	475	dbSNP
rs894635227	480	dbSNP
rs1225591832	484	dbSNP
rs1021015040	492	dbSNP
rs1328403535	495	dbSNP
rs563562189	498	dbSNP
rs775816170	501	dbSNP
rs1382535508	502	dbSNP
rs1381973884	503	dbSNP
rs1238095708	506	dbSNP
rs189006791	507	dbSNP
rs1024987285	508	dbSNP
rs1166796804	510	dbSNP
rs966567031	516	dbSNP
rs1354709562	521	dbSNP
rs981939007	525	dbSNP
rs927889040	529	dbSNP
rs1003182129	534	dbSNP
rs1240520559	536	dbSNP
rs1241837520	537	dbSNP
rs776519004	537	dbSNP
rs1462145499	540	dbSNP
rs532522371	545	dbSNP
rs961792334	545	dbSNP
rs1341772498	546	dbSNP
rs551302777	552	dbSNP
rs1227905448	568	dbSNP
rs569905058	570	dbSNP
rs1312642099	575	dbSNP

- Cell, 2013

The induction of pluripotency or trans-differentiation of one cell type to another can be accomplished with cell-lineage-specific transcription factors. Here, we report that repression of a single RNA binding polypyrimidine-tract-binding (PTB) protein, which occurs during normal brain development via the action of miR-124, is sufficient to induce trans-differentiation of fibroblasts into functional neurons. Besides its traditional role in regulated splicing, we show that PTB has a previously undocumented function in the regulation of microRNA functions, suppressing or enhancing microRNA targeting by competitive binding on target mRNA or altering local RNA secondary structure. A key event during neuronal induction is the relief of PTB-mediated blockage of microRNA action on multiple components of the REST complex, thereby derepressing a large array of neuronal genes, including miR-124 and multiple neuronal-specific transcription factors, in nonneuronal cells. This converts a negative feedback loop to a positive one to elicit cellular reprogramming to the neuronal lineage.

- Nature, 2013

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) in animals are an enigmatic class of RNA with unknown function. To explore circRNAs systematically, we sequenced and computationally analysed human, mouse and nematode RNA. We detected thousands of well-expressed, stable circRNAs, often showing tissue/developmental-stage-specific expression. Sequence analysis indicated important regulatory functions for circRNAs. We found that a human circRNA, antisense to the cerebellar degeneration-related protein 1 transcript (CDR1as), is densely bound by microRNA (miRNA) effector complexes and harbours 63 conserved binding sites for the ancient miRNA miR-7. Further analyses indicated that CDR1as functions to bind miR-7 in neuronal tissues. Human CDR1as expression in zebrafish impaired midbrain development, similar to knocking down miR-7, suggesting that CDR1as is a miRNA antagonist with a miRNA-binding capacity ten times higher than any other known transcript. Together, our data provide evidence that circRNAs form a large class of post-transcriptional regulators. Numerous circRNAs form by head-to-tail splicing of exons, suggesting previously unrecognized regulatory potential of coding sequences.